Both!
I published a number of posts on my learning in vivo blog about action learning, many of which equally apply to action research, for example:
- Isabel Rimanoczy differentiates between scholarly endeavour and communities of practice—this blog post elaborates on action reflection learning (ARL), the uses and 17 elements.
- Researchers "found that meeting to question their successes and failures, in a very deliberate and precise way, and then reflecting on them together, helped them to gain insights and act more appropriately" (Rimanoczy 2007:247) and four schools of action learning were organised in 1999 (p. 248).
- Raelin (2000: 49-65) theorises about both theory and practice modes of learning, as well as explicit versus tacit forms of knowledge, and provides a conceptual model in terms of the two mentioned modes of learning and the two forms of knowledge.
- Raelin (2000: 66-100) differentiates three kinds of action: action learning, community of practice and action science; as well as differentiating three types of knowledge: technical, practical & emancipatory.
- Raelin (2000: 66-101-2) elaborates on reflective practices, such as action teams and journaling (p. 124), as well as inference steps (p. 98).
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